Sertãourbanized

Image description: This is a painting depicting a rural scene with historical elements. On the left side, we see a white house with a red roof, located near a lake. In the background, there is a mountain covered with green vegetation. On the right, there is a white structure with a yellow roof, possibly a church or historic building, situated on a hill. The sky is blue with a few white clouds.

Until the mid-18th century, it was the rua da Vala (present-day rua Uruguaiana) that marked the city's boundaries. Beyond it lay nothing but muddy wastelands, grazing grounds for animals, and waste dumps. The area was known as Campo da Cidade and stretched all the way to the Mangal de São Diogo (or Saco de São Diogo), in the Cidade Nova region. Along with another swampy, flood-prone area nearby – the Campo dos Ciganos (later Rossio Grande and today, Praça Tiradentes) – the Campo da Cidade was frequented only by those "infamous for their race or religion" – that is, enslaved or free Black people, Roma, and exiled convicts.

Almost the only group circulating through the region until the mid-1700s, this marginalized segment of the population ended up prompting the crossing of the wall begun by João Massé in 1713, through the building of their homes and churches. Black Catholic brotherhoods built chapels devoted to Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Rua da Vala, 1725), Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa (Rossio Grande, around 1748), and Santa Ana (in the vicinity of Campo da Cidade around 1735). It was this last one that was responsible for renaming the region, which came to be called Campo de Santana.

Image description: This is a colored illustration depicting the interior of a Roma dwelling. The scene is divided into different areas, starting from the left and moving to the right. On the left side, we see people washing clothes at a sink. In the center, two women are sitting on the floor, talking and eating fruit. On the right, a woman dressed in a red and gold cloak is standing, holding an object. In the background, there is a building with a tiled roof and open windows, where other people are gathered. A tree and a parrot are hanging on the right side. The text in the image reads: "INTERIEUR D'UNE HABITATION DE CIGANOS."

Gradually, low-rise houses sprang up nearby – homes to gypsies and poor, free workers – and population growth “pushed” the city toward the “sertões” (backlands), until then occupied only by a few small farms and private mansions. The so-called sertões were the regions beyond the Campo da Cidade, reached by paths that skirted the marshy areas and led to the mills that “became known as Engenho Velho, Engenho Novo, and Engenho de Dentro” (SCHLEE, 1999, p. 30).

Beginning with the arrival of the Portuguese royal family (1808), population growth made territorial expansion inevitable – between 1808 and 1821, Rio's population went from around 50,000 people to around 120,000. The sertões were urbanized and Campo de Santana stopped being a swampy area avoided by the economic elite, becoming instead a place of leisure. It received illuminated towers, an arena for bullfights, and a new royal palace — complete with garden and promenade, as well as a fountain with 22 spouts, supplied by the waters of the Maracanã River.

Image description: This is a colored engraving depicting a town in the Brazilian backlands. On the left side, we see an open field with a few simple buildings and palm trees around them. In the center, there is a square with a central building and stands on either side. On the right, the town is densely populated with red-roofed houses. In the background, there are hills covered in vegetation.

The site was also the stage and setting for important events, such as the acclamation of Emperor D. Pedro I (1822) and the Proclamation of the Republic (1889). At the end of the 19th century, Campo de Santana was modernized by Auguste François Marie Glaziou and gained a landscape inspired by the romantic parks of Paris.

Image description: This is an old photograph of a park with a central lake. On the left side, there are tall trees and palms, while on the right, there are lower plants and rocks along the lake. In the center, there is a small bridge over the lake. In the background, there is more dense vegetation and large trees. The image is in black and white.

However, the expansion toward the sertões also represented a deepening of social differences. The low houses of Campo de Santana contrasted with the townhouses of Rua Direita. Gypsies and poor Jews began occupying the marsh and swamp areas beyond the region. Another city took shape on the outskirts of the baroque city. Misery and poverty gained ground and set in motion a process of exclusion that continues to renew itself to this day, turning Rio into a “divided city.”

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PIMENTEL, Márcia. Campo de Santana: the place that saw the Empire and the Republic being born. MultiRio Portal. Available at: https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/index.php/reportagens/13262-campo-de-santana,-o-lugar-que-testemunhou-o-nascimento-do-imp%C3%A9rio-e-da-rep%C3%BAblica

SCHLEE, Mônica Bahia. Urban Scenography and Environmental Quality in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Master's Thesis - Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo: 1999 VERNIN, Lenna Carolina Solé. Field of Stories and the Battle for Memory: the curious case of Praça da República. Proceedings of the International Meeting and 18th ANPUH-Rio History Meeting: History and Partnerships. 2018